一(Yi)、(?)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)概(Gai)念(Nian)   

起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)(Crane) 属(Shu)于(Yu)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)的(De)一(Yi)种(Zhong)，(?) 是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)作(Zuo)循(Xun)环(Huan)、(?) 间(Jian)歇(Xie)运(Yun)动(Dong)的(De)机(Ji)械(Xie)。(?) 一(Yi)个(Ge)工(Gong)作(Zuo)循(Xun)环(Huan)包(Bao)括(Kuo)：(?) 取(Qu)物(Wu)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)从(Cong)取(Qu)物(Wu)地(Di)把(Ba)物(Wu)品(Pin)提(Ti)起(Qi)，(?) 然(Ran)后(Hou)水(Shui)平(Ping)移(Yi)动(Dong)到(Dao)指(Zhi)定(Ding)地(Di)点(Dian)降(Jiang)下(Xia)物(Wu)品(Pin)，(?)接(Jie)着(Zhuo)进(Jin)行(Xing)反(Fan)向(Xiang)运(Yun)动(Dong)，(?) 使(Shi)取(Qu)物(Wu)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)返(Fan)回(Hui)原(Yuan)位(Wei)，(?)以(Yi)便(Bian)进(Jin)行(Xing)下(Xia)一(Yi)次(Ci)循(Xun)环(Huan)。(?)在(Zai)一(Yi)定(Ding)范(Fan)围(Wei)内(Nei)垂(Chui)直(Zhi)提(Ti)升(Sheng)和(He)水(Shui)平(Ping)搬(Ban)运(Yun)重(Zhong)物(Wu)的(De)多(Duo)动(Dong)作(Zuo)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)。(?) 又(You)称(Cheng)吊(Diao)车(Che)。(?)属(Shu)于(Yu)物(Wu)料(Liao)搬(Ban)运(Yun)机(Ji)械(Xie)。(?) 起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)工(Gong)作(Zuo)特(Te)点(Dian)是(Shi)做(Zuo)间(Jian)歇(Xie)性(Xing)运(Yun)动(Dong)，(?)即(Ji)在(Zai)一(Yi)个(Ge)工(Gong)作(Zuo)循(Xun)环(Huan)中(Zhong)取(Qu)料(Liao)、(?) 运(Yun)移(Yi)、(?) 卸(Xie)载(Zai)等(Deng)动(Dong)作(Zuo)的(De)相(Xiang)应(Ying)机(Ji)构(Gou)是(Shi)交(Jiao)替(Ti)工(Gong)作(Zuo)的(De)。(?) 通(Tong)常(Chang)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)由(You)起(Qi)升(Sheng)机(Ji)构(Gou)(使(Shi)物(Wu)品(Pin)上(Shang)下(Xia)运(Yun)动(Dong)) 、(?) 运(Yun)行(Xing)机(Ji)构(Gou)(使(Shi)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)移(Yi)动(Dong)) 、(?) 变(Bian)幅(Fu)机(Ji)构(Gou)和(He)回(Hui)转(Zhuan)机(Ji)构(Gou)(使(Shi)物(Wu)品(Pin)作(Zuo)水(Shui)平(Ping)移(Yi)动(Dong)) ，(?) 再(Zai)加(Jia)上(Shang)金(Jin)属(Shu)机(Ji)构(Gou)，(?) 动(Dong)力(Li)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)，(?) 操(Cao)纵(Zong)控(Kong)制(Zhi)及(Ji)必(Bi)要(Yao)的(De)辅(Fu)助(Zhu)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)组(Zu)合(He)而(?)成(Cheng)。(?)  

二(?)、(?)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)类(Lei)型(Xing)

在(Zai)建(Jian)桥(Qiao)工(Gong)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)所(Suo)用(Yong)的(De)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)，(?) 根(Gen)据(Ju)其(Qi)构(Gou)造(Zao)和(He)性(Xing)能(Neng)的(De)不(Bu)同(Tong)，(?)一(Yi)般(Ban)可(Ke)分(Fen)为(Wei)轻(Qing)小(Xiao)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)设(She)备(Bei)、(?) 桥(Qiao)式(Shi)类(Lei)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)和(He)臂(Bi)架(Jia)类(Lei)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)三(San)大(Da)类(Lei)。(?)轻(Qing)小(Xiao)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)设(She)备(Bei)如(Ru)：(?) 千(Qian)斤(Jin)顶(Ding)、(?) 葫(Hu)芦(Lu)、(?) 卷(Juan)扬(Yang)机(Ji)等(Deng)。(?)桥(Qiao)架(Jia)类(Lei)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)械(Xie)如(Ru)：(?)桥(Qiao)式(Shi)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)、(?) 龙(Long)门(Men)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)等(Deng)。(?)臂(Bi)架(Jia)类(Lei)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)如(Ru)固(Gu)定(Ding)式(Shi)回(Hui)转(Zhuan)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)、(?) 塔(Ta)式(Shi)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)、(?)汽(Qi)车(Che)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)、(?) 轮(Lun)胎(Tai)、(?) 履(Lu)带(Dai)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)等(Deng)。(?)

三(San)、(?) 起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)雏(Chu)形(Xing)

中(Zhong)国(Guo)古(Gu)代(Dai)灌(Guan)溉(Gai)农(Nong)田(Tian)用(Yong)的(De)桔(Jie)是(Shi)臂(Bi)架(Jia)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)雏(Chu)形(Xing)。(?) 14 世(Shi)纪(Ji)，(?) 西(Xi)欧(Ou)出(Chu)现(Xian)了(Liao)人(Ren)力(Li)和(He)畜(Xu)力(Li)驱(Qu)动(Dong)的(De)转(Zhuan)动(Dong)臂(Bi)架(Jia)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)。(?) 19 世(Shi)纪(Ji)前(Qian)期(Qi)，(?) 出(Chu)现(Xian)了(Liao)桥(Qiao)式(Shi)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)；(?)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)重(Zhong)要(Yao)磨(Mo)损(Sun)件(Jian)如(Ru)轴(Zhou)、(?) 齿(Chi)轮(Lun)和(He)吊(Diao)具(Ju)等(Deng)开(Kai)始(Shi)采(Cai)用(Yong)金(Jin)属(Shu)材(Cai)料(Liao)制(Zhi)造(Zao)，(?)并(Bing)开(Kai)始(Shi)采(Cai)用(Yong)水(Shui)力(Li)驱(Qu)动(Dong)。(?) 19 世(Shi)纪(Ji)后(Hou)期(Qi)，(?) 蒸(Zheng)汽(Qi)驱(Qu)动(Dong)的(De)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)逐(Zhu)渐(Jian)取(Qu)代(Dai)了(Liao)水(Shui)力(Li)驱(Qu)动(Dong)的(De)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)。(?) 20 世(Shi)纪(Ji)20 年(Nian)代(Dai)开(Kai)始(Shi)，(?)由(You)于(Yu)电(Dian)气(Qi)工(Gong)业(Ye)和(He)内(Nei)燃(Ran)机(Ji)工(Gong)业(Ye)迅(Xun)速(Su)发(Fa)展(Zhan)，(?) 以(Yi)电(Dian)动(Dong)机(Ji)或(Huo)内(Nei)燃(Ran)机(Ji)为(Wei)动(Dong)力(Li)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)的(De)各(Ge)种(Zhong)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)基(Ji)本(Ben)形(Xing)成(Cheng)。(?) 

山(Shan)河(He)智(Zhi)能(Neng)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)主(Zhu)要(Yao)包(Bao)括(Kuo):起(Qi)升(Sheng)机(Ji)构(Gou)、(?)运(Yun)行(Xing)机(Ji)构(Gou)、(?) 变(Bian)幅(Fu)机(Ji)构(Gou)、(?) 回(Hui)转(Zhuan)机(Ji)构(Gou)和(He)金(Jin)属(Shu)结(Jie)构(Gou)等(Deng)。(?) 起(Qi)升(Sheng)机(Ji)构(Gou)是(Shi)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)基(Ji)本(Ben)工(Gong)作(Zuo)机(Ji)构(Gou)，(?)大(Da)多(Duo)是(Shi)由(You)吊(Diao)挂(Gua)系(Xi)统(Tong)和(He)绞(Jiao)车(Che)组(Zu)成(Cheng)，(?) 也(Ye)有(You)通(Tong)过(Guo)液(Ye)压(Ya)系(Xi)统(Tong)升(Sheng)降(Jiang)重(Zhong)物(Wu)的(De)。(?)运(Yun)行(Xing)机(Ji)构(Gou)用(Yong)以(Yi)纵(Zong)向(Xiang)水(Shui)平(Ping)运(Yun)移(Yi)重(Zhong)物(Wu)或(Huo)调(Diao)整(Zheng)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)工(Gong)作(Zuo)位(Wei)置(Zhi)，(?) 一(Yi)般(Ban)是(Shi)由(You)电(Dian)动(Dong)机(Ji)、(?)减(Jian)速(Su)器(Qi)、(?) 制(Zhi)动(Dong)器(Qi)和(He)车(Che)轮(Lun)组(Zu)成(Cheng)。(?) 变(Bian)幅(Fu)机(Ji)构(Gou)只(Zhi)配(Pei)备(Bei)在(Zai)臂(Bi)架(Jia)型(Xing)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)上(Shang)，(?) 臂(Bi)架(Jia)仰(Yang)起(Qi)时(Shi)幅(Fu)度(Du)减(Jian)小(Xiao)，(?)俯(Fu)下(Xia)时(Shi)幅(Fu)度(Du)增(Zeng)大(Da)，(?) 分(Fen)平(Ping)衡(Heng)变(Bian)幅(Fu)和(He)非(Fei)平(Ping)衡(Heng)变(Bian)幅(Fu)两(Liang)种(Zhong)。(?)回(Hui)转(Zhuan)机(Ji)构(Gou)用(Yong)以(Yi)使(Shi)臂(Bi)架(Jia)回(Hui)转(Zhuan)，(?) 是(Shi)由(You)驱(Qu)动(Dong)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)和(He)回(Hui)转(Zhuan)支(Zhi)承(Cheng)装(Zhuang)置(Zhi)组(Zu)成(Cheng)。(?)金(Jin)属(Shu)结(Jie)构(Gou)是(Shi)起(Qi)重(Zhong)机(Ji)的(De)骨(Gu)架(Jia)，(?) 主(Zhu)要(Yao)承(Cheng)载(Zai)件(Jian)如(Ru)桥(Qiao)架(Jia)、(?) 臂(Bi)架(Jia)和(He)门(Men)架(Jia)可(Ke)为(Wei)箱(Xiang)形(Xing)结(Jie)构(Gou)或(Huo)桁(Heng)架(Jia)结(Jie)构(Gou)，(?)也(Ye)可(Ke)为(Wei)腹(Fu)板(Ban)结(Jie)构(Gou)，(?) 有(You)的(De)可(Ke)用(Yong)型(Xing)钢(Gang)作(Zuo)为(Wei)支(Zhi)承(Cheng)梁(Liang)。(?)